What Small Businesses Should Do in January: 10 Key Accounting Tasks
January 29, 2026
January can shape a small business’s financial trajectory. The new year brings a chance to complete year-end obligations and an opportunity to refresh your understanding of your finances. Done right, January accounting work can reduce stress and improve clarity for the entire year.
Here are ten accounting tasks every small business should complete in January.
1. File W-2 and W-3 Forms
January is when employers issue W-2 forms to employees for the prior tax year and file the W-3 transmittal with the Social Security Administration by January 31. This task confirms accurate wage reporting and tax withholdings and ensures employees can file their personal returns on time. Consistency with this deadline helps avoid IRS penalties and preserves goodwill with your team.
2. Issue 1099s to Contractors
January also means preparing and sending Form 1099-NEC to contractors and other eligible payees. If your business paid an independent contractor $600 or more last year, you must file this form with the IRS and deliver a copy to the contractor by the end of the month. Timely filing of forms supports compliance and helps contractors meet their personal tax obligations.
3. Make Final Estimated Tax Payments
For many business owners, the fourth quarter estimated tax payment for the previous year is due in January. Paying this by the due date helps reduce potential underpayment penalties. Beyond compliance, it supports accurate cash-flow planning as you begin a new tax cycle.
4. Reconcile Bank and Credit Card Accounts
Reconciliation is a key step in validating your books. It means ensuring that your internal records match your bank and credit card statements. When discrepancies are identified and resolved promptly, your cash balances reflect actual activity.
5. Close Out the Previous Year’s Books
Closing your books means recording all year-end transactions and adjustments so your financial statements reflect a complete year of activity. This includes depreciation entries, accruals, corrections, and categorization of uncoded transactions. With the year closed, your profit and loss and balance sheet become reliable reference points for tax filing and planning.
6. Review Financial Statements
Once the books are fully reconciled and closed, generate your key financial statements: the profit and loss, balance sheet, and cash flow report. These documents help you assess performance and financial position at a glance. Reviewing them with your accountant or trusted advisor can uncover patterns or opportunities you might not see otherwise.
7. Revisit Your Budget and Forecast
Finalized financials offer a stronger foundation for your budget and forecasts. Compare actual results with your projections from the prior year and adjust assumptions for the coming year. This practical reflection ensures that your financial plan aligns with reality rather than optimism alone.
8. Verify Accounts Receivable and Collect Past-Due Invoices
Assess and follow up on outstanding invoices. Uncollected receivables can constrain cash flow early in the year, and January is an effective window to address overdue accounts. Efficient collections improve your liquidity and make financial reporting more accurate.
9. Prepare for Tax Filing Season
January signals the start of tax filing season. Organize essential tax documents and receipts so you aren’t scrambling to gather them in March or April. Early coordination with your CPA can also clarify updated tax rules or opportunities to plan strategically.
10. Review Your Accounting Systems and Tools
January is also the moment to evaluate your accounting systems. Are you using tools that support reporting and compliance? Cloud-based accounting software can make recordkeeping more accurate and easier to share with advisors. Investing time here can reduce manual work and errors throughout the year.
Completing these accounting tasks in January brings order to your business’s finances so you can spot trends, anticipate challenges, and make decisions with confidence.