10 Things to Know About Beneficiary Designation

October 1, 2025

When people think about estate planning, they often focus on wills, trusts, and last wills and testaments. But one of the most powerful tools you already use, and might be overlooking, is beneficiary designation. These designations on life insurance policies, retirement accounts, and payable-on-death (POD) or transfer-on-death (TOD) accounts determine exactly who receives those assets, often outside the probate process.

The Department of Labor estimates that 15% to 40% of beneficiary designation forms contain errors that can delay or even prevent an inheritance from being received. Even worse, mistakes are common: a 2023 survey by MassMutual found that one in five Americans has never updated beneficiaries after significant life changes such as marriage, divorce, or the birth of a child.

“Beneficiary designations are powerful legal documents that override what your will may say,” says Christine Benz, Director of Personal Finance at Morningstar. “If you don’t review them regularly, you may unintentionally disinherit your loved ones.”

Here are ten essential things you should know about beneficiary designations.

1. Beneficiary designations often override your will

Assets with beneficiary designations usually pass outside probate and independently of your will. That means if your will leaves “everything to my children” but your life insurance still names an ex-spouse, the ex-spouse will likely inherit those funds.

2. Always name both primary and contingent beneficiaries

Without a contingent beneficiary, if the primary beneficiary predeceases you, the account may revert to your estate and go through probate. “Naming backups ensures your wishes are carried out even if life takes unexpected turns,” says David Frederick, Director of Client Success at First Bank Wealth Management.

3. Use precise, unambiguous language

Simple errors — misspelled names, missing dates of birth, or vague terms like “my children” — can delay distributions or spark disputes. Include full legal names and identifiers wherever possible.

4. Be careful naming minors or vulnerable beneficiaries

If you leave money directly to a minor, a court may appoint a guardian to manage the funds on their behalf. Likewise, naming a person with special needs may jeopardize their eligibility for government benefits. In these cases, a trust is often the safer route.

5. Update after significant life changes

Marriage, divorce, births, or deaths all require updates to your designations. A 2022 Fidelity report found that more than 30% of account holders had an ex-partner still listed as a beneficiary. “Life changes — and your beneficiary designations need to change along with it,” says Jina Etienne, CPA and estate planning educator.

6. Avoid naming your estate as a beneficiary

Although allowed in some settings, naming your estate as a beneficiary usually negates many of the advantages of beneficiary designation — primarily, probate avoidance. If the asset passes through your estate, it may be subject to probate, court costs, delays, and potential claims by creditors. It could also accelerate taxation in certain retirement accounts. For example, when an estate is the beneficiary of an IRA, required distributions must be completed within five years.

7. Understand tax implications

Beneficiary designations don’t just control who receives assets — they also shape how they receive them. Under the SECURE Act, most non-spouse beneficiaries must withdraw inherited retirement accounts within 10 years. That rule can create significant tax burdens if not carefully planned for. Trusts and other strategies can help distribute assets more tax-efficiently, but they need to be set up correctly.

8. Double-check execution and form requirements

Completing a beneficiary designation form isn’t just about writing a name — it’s a legally binding document, often requiring strict adherence to formatting, signatures, spousal consents, and deadlines. The Department of Labor report highlights that paper forms have “a 15 % to 40 % error rate” (e.g., incomplete, unsigned, ambiguous). Some plans also require spousal consent before naming another beneficiary. Always verify that the financial institution has accepted and recorded your form.

9. Coordinate across all accounts

Each account has its own beneficiary designation form. Be sure they all align with your overall estate plan. “I often see people update their will but forget to check their 401(k) or IRA,” says Megan Gorman, Founder of Chequers Financial Management. “The result can be uneven distributions that don’t match the person’s intentions.” Here are a few coordination tips:

• When changing a will or trust, revisit every beneficiary form to ensure alignment.
• Avoid naming different children or percentages on different accounts unless it’s intentional. Over time, account balances may diverge, leading to unintended disparities.
• If you plan to leave assets to a trust, confirm the trust is drafted correctly to qualify as a “see-through” trust under IRS rules.
• Do not assume default designations by financial institutions will honor your wishes — they often won’t.

10. Communicate your decisions

Even properly completed forms can cause confusion if no one knows they exist. Tell beneficiaries or your executor where to find documents and how to access accounts. “Don’t assume people will know where your papers are kept,” says Anthony Burke, Senior Director at MetLife. “Clear communication reduces stress and delays for your loved ones.” Additionally, including a cover memo or letter of explanation can help reduce delays or confusion among beneficiaries or administrators.

Beneficiary designations may look simple — just a name or two on a form — but their implications are anything but trivial. From accidentally leaving assets to an ex-spouse to triggering costly tax consequences, mistakes can easily undermine your best intentions.

Insure You Know

If you haven’t reviewed your designations lately, now is the time. At Insure You Know, we believe smart insurance and estate planning go hand in hand. Taking a few minutes today to update your beneficiaries can spare your family confusion, conflict, and financial hardship tomorrow.